Atlantic Rumors: ‘Melo, Durant, Raptors, Nets

Carmelo Anthony‘s new contract worth $124.065MM is the most lucrative deal signed this offseason, and although ‘Melo will have the chance to opt out and enter free agency before entering its fifth and final year, the All-Star forward says he intends to end his career as a member of the Knicks, according to Fred Kerber of the New York Post. A lot can change between now and then, but for the time being, it seems Anthony is happy working toward a title with Phil Jackson and company. More on from the Atlantic..

  • Kevin Durant will likely be the biggest name to hit the free agent market in two years, as our list of 2016 free agent shows. The reigning MVP is sure to have no shortage of suitors, and Brian Keefe’s presence as an assistant on Derek Fisher‘s coaching staff certainly will help the Knicks’ chances at landing him, as Marc Berman of the New York Post details.
  • Raptors assistant Bill Bayno spoke to Jorge Sierra of Hoopshype and called the trade that sent Rudy Gay to the Kings “unbelievable,” explaining that the move was key in bolstering the club’s struggling bench.
  • Untimely injuries to Brook Lopez and Kevin Garnett gave Mason Plumlee a chance to put his skills on display for the Nets, and A. Sherrod Blakely of CSNNE.com puts the Duke product among a group of big men he expects to have a breakout season.

Eastern Notes: Williams, Heat, Bucks

Lou Williams has a renewed sense of purpose this season after being traded to the Raptors, Holly MacKenzie of NBA.com writes. On joining Toronto, Williams said, “I think one of the best benefits of it is being in a position where you feel wanted. When they traded for me and had the conversation, they want me here. It wasn’t a money thing. It wasn’t just something to do. They felt they had a void they needed to fill coming off the bench and I’m excited to help. I feel wanted. I feel like I have a responsibility with this basketball team and that’s the best way I can operate.”

Here’s more from around the east:

  • The Heat announced that former head coach and longtime assistant coach Ron Rothstein has retired from coaching. Miami also announced that assistant coach Bob McAdoo will become a scout for the team as well as a community liaison. “Both Ron and Bob were instrumental in the success of the Heat and their contributions to our three championships cannot be overstated,” said team President Pat Riley. “They are Heat lifers and I’m happy that they will continue to be an important part of the organization as they evolve into their new roles within the Heat family.”
  • Howard Eisley will be joining coach Randy Wittman‘s staff with the Wizards, the team announced. Eisley has spent the last four seasons as an assistant for the Clippers.
  • Marc Lasry, the co-owner of the Bucks, thinks that it will take three to five years to turn around the franchise’s fortunes, Don Walker of the Journal-Sentinel writes.

Centers, Power Forwards Garner Richest Deals

Even in an era of small ball, it still helps to have effective big men, as this summer’s free agency attests. Quality centers were scarce, but they drew top dollar, and their deals are for an average of more money than their peers at the four other positions. That’s thanks in large measure to Chris Bosh‘s maximum-salary deal with the Heat, though Marcin Gortat‘s five-year, $60MM contract with Washington figures in heavily, too. Still, only seven free agents who spent last season primarily at center signed for more than the minimum salary, showing how top-heavy the position is.

There was a more prolific crop of above-minimum power forwards on the market, and the 20 of them combined to sign deals worth $381.102MM, a total greater than players at other positions. It helps that Carmelo Anthony, who signed the league’s richest contract, and LeBron James played mostly power forward last season, as one effect of small ball has been to push talented wing players into positions that are the traditional domain of interior players.

With the help of the Hoops Rumors Free Agent Tracker, I’ve broken down the figures for each position. The number of above-minimum signings is listed first, followed by the total payout on those deals, and the most lucrative contract at each position is in parentheses.

  • Point guards: 22 players, $248.204MM (Kyle Lowry, $48MM)
  • Shooting guards: 13 players, $166.761MM (Dwyane Wade, $31.125MM)
  • Small forwards: 15 players, $220.115 (Gordon Hayward, $62.965MM)
  • Power forward: 20 players, $381.102MM (Carmelo Anthony, $124.065MM)
  • Center: 7 players, $247.819MM (Chris Bosh, $118.705MM)

Notes:

  • For free agents who play multiple positions, the one that Basketball-Reference lists as their primary position during the last season they saw NBA action was used.
  • John Salmons split last season between the Kings, who played him mostly at small forward, and the Raptors, who slotted him chiefly at shooting guard. He spent the vast majority of time with Toronto, so his $2MM deal goes in the shooting guard category.
  • The values seen here include all seasons of a contract, whether or not they’re guaranteed.
  • This account takes into consideration free agent deals only, and not draft pick signings or deals with “draft-and-stash” players.

Kings Notes: Casspi, Tyler, Gay

The Kings have aggressively sought trades under GM Pete D’Alessandro, and once they officially send Jason Terry to the Rockets, only Sixers GM Sam Hinkie will have pulled off more swaps since they took their respective jobs at the beginning of the 2013 offseason, as I noted this week. Here’s the latest from Sacramento as D’Alessandro continues to shuffle the roster:

  • The Kings have struck deals with four other players and shook hands on the Terry trade since they reached agreement with Omri Casspi in July, but the plan is for Casspi to officially sign once he returns from traveling overseas, tweets Jason Jones of The Sacramento Bee. Casspi confirmed as much to David Pick of Eurobasket.com in a radio conversation Wednesday, telling him he’ll put pen to paper once he passes a medical exam (Twitter link). Casspi recently played in a Eurobasket qualifying tournament with the Israeli national team.
  • Sacramento is also still on track to waive Jeremy Tyler eventually, according to Jones (Twitter link). The team has been expected to waive Tyler ever since acquiring him from the Knicks last month, as USA Today’s Sam Amick reported at the time. His non-guaranteed contract is set to become partially guaranteed on the 15th.
  • The Kings made an aggressive pitch to convince Rudy Gay to opt in for this season, and it worked not only to persuade Gay to stick around, but to assure him of the team’s confidence in him, as he tells Michael Lee of The Washington Post“It was good,” Gay said. “After two tough seasons, it was good to know that they wanted me there, not just for now, but for long [term].” Gay, in the final year of his deal, has expressed a willingness to consider an extension at some point before next summer.

Miroslav Raduljica Leaning Toward Europe Deal

2:28pm: Raduljica is in talks with several NBA teams, as Charania notes within his full story.

1:52pm: Recently waived center Miroslav Raduljica is leaning toward signing a lucrative contract with a European team unless offers from the NBA improve, reports Shams Charania of RealGM (Twitter link). Raduljica became a free agent this past weekend after the Clippers waived him in a salary-clearing maneuver shortly after acquiring him from the Bucks.

There appeared to be NBA interest in the Matt Babcock client this past season, since several teams called Milwaukee to ask about trading for him, as Charania reported last week. Still, Raduljica rarely saw the floor in first NBA season, averaging 9.7 minutes per game in 48 contests. The Clippers have reached contract agreements with Chris Douglas-Roberts, Ekpe Udoh and DeAndre Liggins since cutting Raduljica, and they’re also poised to strike a deal to re-sign Hedo Turkoglu, so it doesn’t seem as though they want the 26-year-old Serbian 7-footer back in the fold. The Bucks can’t re-sign Raduljica for a year after trading him under the terms of the collective bargaining agreement.

Raduljica is receiving one-fifth of his $1.5MM salary this season after the Clippers spread out their obligation to him using the stretch provision. He recently said that he’d like to remain in the NBA, so it’s possible that he’s using the threat of a high-dollar offer from overseas to goad NBA teams into giving him the sort of deal he’s seeking, though that’s just my speculation.

And-Ones: ‘Melo, Pelicans, Rockets, Dragic

The Bulls brought up the idea of a two-year deal for Carmelo Anthony that would allow him to cash in on projected growth in the league’s maximum salaries, but the Knicks star said today that it didn’t appeal to him, as Chris Herring of The Wall Street Journal observes (Twitter link). Anthony, who re-signed with the Knicks on a five-year deal, cast his experience as a free agent this summer as stressful, explaining that he doesn’t want to go through it again, Herring tweets. Thanks to the raises he’s earned on his high-dollar contracts through the years, his salary for this season already exceeds the NBA’s maximum, so absent a truly dramatic increase to the max in the next few years, Anthony wouldn’t have stood to benefit from hitting free agency again in the near future. There’s more on Anthony amid the latest from around the league:

  • Anthony cited his New York-based business interests, his family, and the presence of Phil Jackson as reasons he chose to re-sign with the Knicks, Herring also notes (Twitter link).
  • Austin Rivers was in trade rumors earlier this summer as the Pelicans sought to make room to acquire Omer Asik, and while they listened to pitches from other teams, their continued faith in the former No. 10 overall pick led them to hang on to him, according to John Reid of The Times Picayune.
  • The pending Jason Terry trade will give the Rockets a weapon to use in a subsequent deal, should they choose, since they were otherwise short on mid-tier salaries to assist with salary matching, as Jonathan Feigen of the Houston Chronicle details.
  • The NBA buyout clause in Zoran Dragic‘s contract with Spain Unicaja Malaga isn’t prohibitive, and it would allow the shooting guard to come stateside for this season, tweets Marc Stein of ESPN.com. Previous reports have identified the Rockets and, more recently, the Pacers as suitors for Dragic, who apparently “badly wants” to play in the NBA.
  • Lorenzo Brown‘s deal with Reyer Venezia of Italy is on shaky ground, as Sportando’s Emiliano Carchia hears. Brown appeared in 26 games this past season for the Sixers, and it seems there’s a chance he’ll go back on the free agent market in advance of NBA training camps.

Raptors Sign Greg Stiemsma

12:16pm: The deal is believed to be partially guaranteed, according to Josh Lewenberg of TSN 1050 Toronto (Twitter link).

11:25am: It’s a one-year, $1MM deal, as Marc Stein of ESPN.com hears (Twitter link). He’s likely rounding up from $981,084, the minimum for Stiemsma, a four-year veteran. If that’s the case, it would only count on the Raptors books for the two-year veteran’s minimum of $915,243, since it’s just a one-year contract. The league would pay the rest.

11:08am: The Raptors have signed Greg Stiemsma, the team announced via press release. The terms aren’t immediately clear, but it’s likely a minimum-salary camp invitation, perhaps with a partial guarantee thrown in.

The center, who turns 29 this month, had been a free agent ever since the Pelicans cut him loose just a few days before the end of the regular season this year in a move designed to enhance the team’s flexibility for trades. The Mark Bartelstein client recently worked out for the Lakers, but chatter about his next destination had otherwise been scarce, even though his 20 starts last season were the sixth most for any player still without an NBA deal as of Wednesday, as I noted.

Stiemsma had to wait more than three years after he went undrafted out of the University of Wisconsin in 2008 for his first NBA regular season action, which came with the Celtics in 2011/12, when he averaged 2.9 points and 2.3 rebounds in 13.9 minutes per game. He made close to $2.6MM the next season with the Timberwolves and signed another deal that gave him almost $2.7MM from the Pelicans last season, but he appears in line for a pay cut this year.

The Raptors had been carrying 13 guaranteed deals and three with partial guarantees, as our roster counts show, so there’s a reasonable chance that Stiemsma will make the opening-night roster. Still, he had a run-in last season with Jonas Valanciunas, whom he’d presumably back up, as Ryan Wolstat of the Toronto Sun notes (Twitter links).

Extension Candidate: Tobias Harris

No player among those I listed as long shots to receive rookie scale extensions by the October 31st deadline gave me pause as much as Tobias Harris did. He’s one of a coterie of up-and-comers on the Magic roster who flashed star potential in the months after Orlando acquired him in the J.J. Redick trade at the 2013 deadline. The combo forward became the focal point of the Magic’s offense down the stretch that season, attempting 14.7 shots per game, more than anyone else on that team took.

This past season, Arron Afflalo and Nikola Vucevic put up more shots each night than Harris did, and rookie Victor Oladipo took just as many. Harris was just a part-time starter, and entering this season, he figures to compete for playing time long-term against Maurice Harkless at small forward and No. 4 overall pick Aaron Gordon at power forward. That casts serious doubt on whether the Magic intend to commit themselves to Harris for years to come if the Henry Thomas client doesn’t make it worth their while with a significant financial sacrifice.

Harris wasn’t quite as efficient in 2013/14 as he was during his 27-game stint with the Magic the previous season after coming over via trade, with his PER dipping from 17.0 to 16.5. That’s not much of a drop, of course, and it seems reasonable to suspect that’s simply a regression to the mean that took place as a result of a larger sample size.

If there was any reason to suspect that Harris was less efficient this past season, it would probably have to do with his shot selection. He took fewer shots from inside 10 feet and more long two-pointers, according to his Basketball-Reference page. More than one out of every five of his field goal attempts came from between the three-point line and 16 feet from the basket, a virtual no man’s land given the degree of difficulty and lack of reward. Perhaps Harris chose those shots because he lacked confidence in his three-point stroke. He made just 25.4% of his three-point attempts last season, a rate lower than in either of his first two NBA seasons, but he made 40.9% of his long twos. His effective field goal percentage from his first half-season with the Magic was virtually identical to his mark from last season, so his shots were just as productive as they had been, even if there seems to be room for improvement.

Shooters often get better over time, and Harris is still quite young, having entered the draft the first year he was eligible to do so. He’s already a proficient rebounder, as this past season he was 14th in the league in rebounding rate among players his height (6’8″) or shorter who averaged 10 or more minutes per game. There’s reason to be concerned about his defense, as the Magic gave up more points per possession when he was on the floor than when he was off last season, according to NBA.com, and his 6’11” wingspan isn’t altogether remarkable, particularly if he plays power forward. His wide body suggests he’ll have increasing trouble keeping up with opposing small forwards as he ages. Still, technique and system have much to do with defensive performance, and few young players are quick to establish themselves as strong defenders in the NBA. He averaged only 11.5 minutes per game over 70 appearances in his first season and a half with Milwaukee prior to the trade, so this past year was his first full season as a rotation mainstay for an NBA team.

Harris is part of a rebuilding effort in Orlando, but GM Rob Hennigan isn’t mimicking Sixers GM Sam Hinkie‘s bare bones approach. Hennigan is unloading veterans, as he did with Afflalo, but he’s also signing them, as he did with Channing Frye, Ben Gordon and Luke Ridnour this summer. The two-year, $9MM Gordon deal was a head-scratcher, but it’s only guaranteed for the first season. The same is true of the two-year, $5.5MM contract the Magic gave Ridnour. Frye is the only long-term investment, at a fully guaranteed four years and $32MM, and he most directly affects Harris. The 31-year-old Frye figures to take up some minutes at power forward when he’s not playing center, and he occupies space on the team’s ledger for the years ahead, when more of the Magic’s crop of promising young players will be up for their next deals.

Frye’s contract is frontloaded, and Orlando only has about $15MM in commitments for 2015/16, the first year an extension for Harris would kick in. Still, that figure doesn’t count a slam-dunk team option for Oladipo that’s worth more than $5MM. Rookie scale team options for Harkless, Andrew Nicholson and Evan Fournier total more than $7.5MM, so the Magic will reasonably be looking at about $27.5MM in commitments for 2015/16, and that’s without an extension for Vucevic. I predicted that Vucevic would come away with four years and $48MM, so another $12MM for 2015/16 would bring Orlando to roughly $39.5MM, $27MM beneath the projected salary cap. That’d still give the team the chance to open plenty of cap room next summer, but an eight-figure salary for Harris would challenge the Magic’s ability to afford maximum-salary free agents not only in 2015, but in years ahead, when the rookie deals of Harkless, Fournier, and Oladipo will come to term.

NBA executives covet flexibility these days, and signing both Vucevic and Harris to lucrative long-term extensions would impinge upon the maneuvers the Magic could make in free agency as well as the trade market, since both would be subject to the Poison Pill Provision this year. It seems more likely that Hennigan would choose to secure Vucevic rather than Harris, given the scarcity of quality inside players like Vucevic around the league and the multitude of options the Magic have at the positions Harris plays. The Magic would still retain the ability to match offers for Harris in restricted free agency next summer if they pass on an extension. Even though this year’s restricted free agency has been difficult to predict, there’s no reason for Orlando to bet against itself for a player who still has much to prove.

2016 NBA Free Agents

The 2014 offseason isn’t quite over yet, but at Hoops Rumors, we’re always looking ahead. Our up-to-date list of 2016 free agents is below. These are players who are eligible for restricted or unrestricted free agency after the 2015/16 season. The player’s 2016 age is in parentheses. Players who are on our 2014 and 2015 free agent list are not seen here.

Players with team or player options for the 2015/16 season are listed, unless they’re still on their rookie scale contracts. Players whose 2015/16 contracts aren’t fully guaranteed are listed and marked with (N), unless they have an earlier non-guaranteed season on their deals, in which case they can be found here or here. Potential restricted free agents are marked with (R).

If you have any corrections or omissions, please contact us. For instant free agent updates, be sure to follow us on Twitter @hoopsrumors, at Facebook.com/hoopsrumors, or through an RSS reader using the URL hoopsrumors.com/feed.

Updated 12-26-15

Point Guards
D.J. Augustin (29)
Jerryd Bayless (28)
Steve Blake (36)
Aaron Brooks (31)
Isaiah Canaan (25)
Mario Chalmers (30)
Jordan Clarkson (24) (R)
Norris Cole (28)
Mike Conley (29)
Seth Curry (26) – $1.02MM player option
Raymond Felton (32)
Kirk Hinrich (35)
Jarrett Jack (33) (N)
Brandon Jennings (27)
Shane Larkin (24) – $1.5MM player option
Ty Lawson (29) (N)
Jeremy Lin (28) – $2.24MM player option
Shaun Livingston (31) (N)
Shelvin Mack (26) (N)
Kendall Marshall (25) (N)
Andre Miller (40)
Ronnie Price (33)
Pablo Prigioni (39)
Brian Roberts (31)
Rajon Rondo (30)
Ramon Sessions (30)
Russ Smith (25) (N)
Beno Udrih (34)
Deron Williams (32) – $5.6MM player option
Mo Williams (34) – $2.19MM player option

Shooting Guards
Arron Afflalo (31) – $8MM player option
James Anderson (27) – $1.14MM player option
Luke Babbitt (27) (N)
Leandro Barbosa (34)
Kent Bazemore (27)
Bradley Beal (23) (R)
Markel Brown (24) (R)
Kobe Bryant (38)
Allen Crabbe (24) (R)
Jamal Crawford (36)
Troy Daniels (25) (R)
Matthew Dellavedova (26) (R)
DeMar DeRozan (27) – $10.1MM player option
Spencer Dinwiddie (23)
Wayne Ellington (29) – $1.57MM player option
Evan Fournier (24) (R)
Randy Foye (33)
Eric Gordon (28)
P.J. Hairston (23)
Gerald Henderson (29)
John Jenkins (25) (N)
Joe Johnson (35)
Courtney Lee (31)
Kevin Martin (33) – $7.378MM player option
O.J. Mayo (29)
E’Twaun Moore (27)
Anthony Morrow (31) (N)
Gary Neal (32)
Josh Richardson (23) (N)
Austin Rivers (24) – $3.3MM player option
Jonathon Simmons (27) (N)
Lance Stephenson (26) – $9.405MM team option
Garrett Temple (30)
Jason Terry (39)
Marcus Thornton (29)
Evan Turner (28)
Sasha Vujacic (32)
Dwyane Wade (34)
Dion Waiters (25) (R)

Small Forwards
Alan Anderson (34)
Harrison Barnes (24) (R)
Matt Barnes (36)
Nicolas Batum (28)
Chase Budinger (28)
Caron Butler (36) – $1.55MM player option
Vince Carter (39) (N)
Luol Deng (31)
Jared Dudley (31)
Kevin Durant (28)
Cleanthony Early (25) (R)
Alonzo Gee (29) – $1.38MM player option
Manu Ginobili (39) – $2.94MM (estimated) player option
Jerami Grant (22) (N)
Gerald Green (30)
Jeff Green (30)
Maurice Harkless (23) (R)
Joe Harris (25) (N)
Solomon Hill (25)
Darrun Hilliard (23) (N)
Damien Inglis (21) (N)
LeBron James (32) – $24MM player option
Richard Jefferson (36)
James Johnson (29)
Wesley Johnson (29) – $1.23MM player option
James Jones (36)
Sergey Karasev (23)
Mike Miller (36)
Chandler Parsons (28) – $16.023MM player option
Paul Pierce (39)
Tayshaun Prince (36)
Glenn Robinson (22) (N)
Brandon Rush (31)
J.R. Smith (31) – $5.375MM player option
P.J. Tucker (31) (N)
Martell Webster (30) (N)
Sonny Weems (30) (N)
Marvin Williams (30)

Power Forwards
Quincy Acy (26) (N)
Lou Amundson (34)
Ryan Anderson (28)
Darrell Arthur (28) – $2.94MM player option
Andrea Bargnani (31) – $1.55MM player option
Brandon Bass (31) – $3.135MM player option
Anthony Bennett (22)
DeJuan Blair (27) (N)
Trevor Booker (29)
Chris Copeland (32)
Branden Dawson (23) (N)
Boris Diaw (34) (N)
Duje Dukan (25) (N)
Drew Gooden (35) (N)
Tyler Hansbrough (31)
Udonis Haslem (36)
J.J. Hickson (28)
Jordan Hill (29)
Kris Humphries (31) (N)
Ersan Ilyasova (29) (N)
Jonas Jerebko (29) (N)
Grant Jerrett (23) (N)
Amir Johnson (29) (N)
Terrence Jones (24) (R)
Ryan Kelly (25) (R)
Joffrey Lauvergne (25) (N)
David Lee (33)
Jon Leuer (27)
Donatas Motiejunas (26) (R)
Nene (34)
Andrew Nicholson (27) (R)
Steve Novak (33)
Dirk Nowitzki (38) – $8.69MM player option
Johnny O’Bryant (23) (N)
Dwight Powell (25)
Thomas Robinson (25) – $1.05MM player option
Luis Scola (36)
Mike Scott (28) (N)
Josh Smith (31)
Jarnell Stokes (22) (N)
Jared Sullinger (24) (R)
Mirza Teletovic (31)
Lance Thomas (28)
Jason Thompson (30) (N)
Anthony Tolliver (31)
Charlie Villanueva (32)
David West (36) – $1.55MM player option
Derrick Williams (25) – $4.598MM player option

Centers
Cole Aldrich (28) – $1.23MM (estimated) player option
Chris Andersen (38)
Joel Anthony (34) (N)
Dewayne Dedmon (27) (R)
Andre Drummond (23) (R)
Tim Duncan (40) – $5.64MM player option
Festus Ezeli (27) (R)
Pau Gasol (36) – $7.77MM player option
Roy Hibbert (30)
Al Horford (30)
Dwight Howard (31) – $23.282MM player option
Al Jefferson (31)
Chris Kaman (34)
Meyers Leonard (24) (R)
JaVale McGee (28) (N)
Ian Mahinmi (30)
Boban Marjanovic (27) (R)
Salah Mejri (30) (N)
Timofey Mozgov (30)
Joakim Noah (31)
Zaza Pachulia (32)
Kendrick Perkins (32)
Miles Plumlee (28) (R)
Robert Sacre (27)
Kevin Seraphin (27)
Jason Smith (30)
Marreese Speights (29)
Amar’e Stoudemire (34)
Hassan Whiteside (27)
Shayne Whittington (25) (N)
Tyler Zeller (26) (R)

Basketball Insiders and HoopsHype were used in the creation of this list.

And-Ones: Knicks, D-League, Lauvergne

Team USA improved to 4-0 in the FIBA World Cup with a 106-71 victory over the Dominican Republic tonight. Kenneth Faried led the way with 16 points and six rebounds, DeMarcus Cousins added 13 points, and DeMar DeRozan contributed 11. Next up for Team USA is a match-up against the Ukraine this Friday. Here’s the latest from around the league:

  • The Knicks made four new additions to their coaching staff today, the team announced. Joining Derek Fisher‘s staff as assistant coaches are Jim Cleamons, Rasheed Hazzard, and Brian Keefe, with Joshua Longstaff also coming aboard as assistant coach for player development.
  • The Pistons have officially named Otis Smith the coach of their NBA D-League franchise, the Grand Rapids Drive, the team announced (Twitter link).
  • Smith is interested in the player developmental aspects of coaching in the D-League, writes Peter J. Wallner of MLive. Smith said, “I like that ‘development’ is in the league’s name. This way I can spend more time in staff development and player development, both on and off the floor. Just being on the floor with guys, teaching them, that’s what excites me the most about coaching at this level. Helping guys get to the next level, and helping them be a professional is what’s intriguing to me.”
  • Joffrey Lauvergne told John Schuhmann of NBA.com (Twitter link) that the Nuggets offered him a minimum salary deal this summer. That wasn’t enough to entice the No. 55 pick in the 2013 NBA draft to head to the states, so Lauvergne signed with Khimki of the Russian League. His deal does have a buyout clause that could be used next summer, notes Schuhmann.